Validity and Reliability of Interview as Selection Method

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 THE SELECTION METHOD CONCEPTS 1 3.0 THE JOB INTERVIEW 3 * 3.1 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE JOB INTERVIEW 4 * 3.2 STRUCTURING THE CONTENT OF THE INTERVIEW 5 4.0 INTERVIEW IS THE BEST SELECTION METHOD? 6 5.0 CONCLUSION 7 6.0 LIST OF REFERENCES 8 1.0 INTRODUCTION Workforce planning is a systematic process in which the organization identifies the human resource needs and have it aligned to meet the organization’s goals, visions and missions. Comprising of several diverse roles in the Human Resource function itself, it is the core duty for every personnel department to manage it’s staffing effectively by recruiting,†¦show more content†¦In the recruitment and selection context, the validity tests to the degree whereby scores of a selected method corresponds to actual job performance. If an applicants for a job who scored higher in aptitude tests turns out to be high performers, and is proven from statistics, then validity of the selection method is validated. An invalid selection method would only waste the organization’s scarce resources but also sometimes pose as a legal problem. A pilot which can perform in his written tests during a job application does not necessarily guarantees that performance in the cockpit would be of the same excellence. Other restraints in establishing validity in a selection method usually boils down to the reluctance of candidates to participate in tests or faking. To measure validity and reliability in a selection method is difficult but both the concepts’ standards assists to provide better decision making to HR in hiring employees. To ensure validity and reliability in a selection method, proper planning like structuring of interviews can enhance the credibility of a technique. 3.0 THE JOB INTERVIEW The job interview is an interview to determine whether an applicant is suitable for a position of employment. It is usually preceded by the evaluation of resumes from interested candidates which passed the initial screening stage. Interviews remain most popular in selection methods because asShow MoreRelatedStaffing System For A Job1719 Words   |  7 Pagesin staffing organizations, as it is a method used for assessing aspects within the organization. A system without methods would have no efficient method for determining a framework in the process of selection. 2. Describe how you might go about determining scores for applicants’ responses to (a) interview questions, (b) letters of recommendation, and (c) questions about previous work experience. To determine scores for qualitative responses such as interview questions, letters of recommendationsRead MoreThe Importance Of A Suitable Individual For A Position1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthat each interview carries the same validity and reliability. Ensuring that every stage in the selection process has the same validity and reliability is imperative so that all candidates being evaluated are measured against the same standard and have an equal opportunity of being selected. This also ensures that the organization gets the best possible candidate for the requirements which they have. Reliability is a measure of the consistency with which a method is used over time. Validity is theRead MoreReliability and Validity1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this article is to summarize, integrate, and evaluate the many ways interviews can be structured. Reliability and validity are key concepts in the process of selecting among job applicants, since the main goal of selection is to make accurate predictions about which individuals will perform well on the job. Reliability is the consistency of measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects (definitionRead MoreThe Use of Psychological and Personality Testing1420 Words   |  6 Pagesrapid improvements in the reliability and ease of administering such tests, companies and human resource professionals have felt more comfortable in relying upon them and abandoning the ineffective and haphazard methods used for many decades. Historically, many companies relied extensively upon the standard interviewing process for selecting their personnel. Such method proved to be no more reliable than a typical coin toss and companies have been pursuing new hiring methods for some time. Today,Read MoreVaried Selection Tools Essay examples1490 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Varied Selection Tools By: BAP Fashions PSYCH/705 September 15, 2014 University of Phoenix The Employee Selection Process Many of organizations today use a variety of techniques for collecting evidence and data about applicants. Methods such as, interviews, personality tests, ability tests, assessment centers, physical tests can be used to classify if applicants are suitable or unsuitable for the job and the companys culture. According to Schultz and Schultz  (2010), hiring decisions usuallyRead MoreThe Essential Features Of Interviews1599 Words   |  7 Pages4.2 Interviews 4.2.1 The Essential Features of Interviews Interviews are an approach to collect data from participants (Denscombe, 2014). Interviews have two types: standardised (structured) and non-standardised (semi-structured and unstructured). Standardised interviews refer to that according to the requirements of a certain position, interviewees should follow fixed principles to response the closed questions in questionnaires. Also, standardised interviewing means an interview that structuredRead MoreTechniques to Carry out a Study1868 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This chapter shows the various techniques that the researcher used to carry out the study. It shows the study design, population of the study sample size and selection, data collection methods, data collection instruments, data quality control procedure, and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design The study used a case study design investigating the causal relationship if any, between the existing Human resource management practices and employee job satisfaction (measured by; AbsenteeismRead MoreBehavioral And Situational Interviews Questions1565 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questionnaire asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee.† (Interview) It provides a good opportunity and platform for interviewer and interviewee to communicate intimately, and can usually lead to a better mutual understanding. â€Å"The job-relatedness of the traditional selection interview, which typically follows no particular pattern, is generally regarded as low. Interviews are still the most widelyRead MoreSample Job Description : Dmo ( Dish Machine Operator )1361 Words   |  6 Pages ACC selection assignment Name Institution Date â€Æ' Job description Job Title: DMO (Dish Machine Operator) Summary: This position is vital to the operation of the event. You will be working in coordination with the kitchen and wait staff to ensure a proper supply of clean dishware, utensils, glassware, as well as cooking utensils, pots, and pans. Expectations/Duties:  · Arrive on time  · Know basic kitchen vocabulary  · Look professional (hair held back, sleeves rolled up, etcRead MoreEssay about Jennifer Gaston Case1479 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects concerning the right hiring process have to be clarified. In order to ensure the hiring of the most suitable candidate the right recruitment and selection process is absolutely necessary as it controls the entry of new employees into the organization. Recruitment means attracting potential candidates to apply to fill vacancies. Selection is the next step after the recruitment phase where potential candidates are selected out of a pool of candidates who were attracted to apply and afterwards

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 984 Words

Things Fall Apart, a novel written by Chinua Achebe, introduces readers to a strong-willed man who is desperate to be the opposite of his father: successful. Throughout the novel, Okonkwo unknowingly embarks on a figurative journey that highlights his character and illuminates the theme, which is that the sacrifices of one affects many, especially in the case of a family. Though he travels physically with his family, single-minded Okonkwo travels alone mentally, emphasizing the figurative nature of his journey. Obstacles faced on Okonkwo’s journey have caused his charactered to be developed in a negative aspect, because he becomes more vicious and afraid to show endearment. Okonkwo is not described as a stubborn child. Achebe depicts a boy who grew up in Umuofia and lived in poverty due to the negligence of his father. His father Unoka accumulated much debt and was considered a failure by Okonkwo, who was first ashamed of his father when one of his peers â€Å"had told him th at his father was agbala† (17). Agbala is used to describe a woman, or a man that had not earned a title in the clan. Unoka had failed to adequately support his family, because they â€Å"barely had enough to eat† (9). Their well-being was endangered because of Unoka’s lack of stability, and because he did not want to hunt; he could not stand the sight of blood. Okonkwo believed that reason for his father’s dereliction was because of his values: gentleness and idleness. That inference led to Okonkwo’s developmentShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

“What’s Your Color” a Study on Color Preferences Free Essays

string(37) " the causes to take such preference\." â€Å"What’s your Color? † A Study on Color Preferences A Research Paper Presented to the Languages Department Of the College of Science, University of Santo Tomas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course Academic Writing Group No. 3 1st Semester, SY 2011-2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study2 Statement of the Problem2 Significance of the Study2 Scope and Limitations2 Materials and Methods2 Definition of Terms2 2 DISCUSSION Colors2 Background (Definition of Colors)3 Perception and Sensation3 Theory of Colors3 Psychology of Colors2 Research History on Color Preferences2 Color Preference By Gender3 Color Preference By Age3 Possible Factors Affecting Color Preferences3 3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary2 Conclusions2 Recommendations2 REFERENCES2 Chapter I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Conventions of society on color preferences, whether on age or gender, are nothing but stereotypes. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"What’s Your Color?† a Study on Color Preferences or any similar topic only for you Order Now The traditional adage of â€Å"pink is for girls while blue is for boys† may be proven wrong. About 80% of the information which is incorporated through the senses is visual and it influences an individual’s everyday decisions. Individuals use color in choosing certain objects such as identification and selection of different kinds of food and drink, toys or cars and dresses. Colors also influence object preference in many situations, like a color of a house, clothes and furniture. However, color does more than just give objective information about the world, for it also affects an individual’s feelings. It possibly may dictate a person’s moods and emotions, perceptions, likes and dislikes. Such influence by a certain color is an important center of research in color psychology, which is called color preference. Color preference is the tendency of an individual or a group to  prefer  some  colors  over others or a strong inclination that results from identification with a certain or favorite color. People are affected by different color stimuli and it varies from person to person. However, color does more than just give us objective information about our world; it affects how we feel. A preference for a specific color can be related to how a person may or want to feel in any situation and even how it may be the basis to remember certain experiences. Many investigations have indicated that children and adults, depending n the gender and age, have differences in preferences for colors. A study done by Eysenck (1941) found that there was a relationship between gender and color and that people have a general preference for color. According to Ellis Ficek (2001), females and males tended to be somehow divided in preferring both green and blue and said that it may be affected in taking th e view of neuroscience. On the other hand, Davis, Pitchford Seerif (2009) found out that color preferences emerged with age and that perception of color was shown to have a mediating role in determining a color preference. Additionally, children prefer colors they find to be pleasant and comforting and it can be changed and can vary while adult color preference is usually non-malleable. Although with these researches, color psychology received minimal attention to research probably because of the inevitable ‘instability’ of the results that may vary in different researchers in the past decades. This instability is mostly due to the unpredictability of the color’s variables, making it difficult to come about with results that will lead to a concrete conclusion (Child, Hansen, Hornbeck, 1968). Another problem is that there is no known direct cause of why and how an individual develops the certain attachment to a specific color, which brings the researchers to assumptions rather than backed by empirical evidences. With these in mind, color preference now holds a huge impact in a person’s everyday life for it can be found basis on how people will act in certain situations and is not just brought about by what parents or peers have taught to an individual to like. Moreover, the need for a new research on the issue is a priority because even some of this research’s credible references are decades old. This paper now aims to determine what these specific color preferences are, its occurrence over time, its societal effects on an individual and its psychological cause, bases and changes. B. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What colors are preferred by male and female individuals? 2. What changes in preference occur over time or as they age? 3. What are the psychological and societal causes and bases of the preferences and changes that happen? C. Significance of the Study Developmental Psychologists. Psychologists, from the field of Developmental Psychology, are concerned with the nature of human development or change in the cognitive, social, emotional, behavioral and physical aspects throughout the life span and this study will help them understand the role of color preference as a building block in development. Consumer Psychologists. Psychologists, from the field of consumerism, study people’s emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses to a wide variety of stimuli (advertisements, packaging, products, etc. and this study will help them understand how color preference plays an important role in the selection of a product based on its appearance. Future Researchers. Because this study has received minimal attention in the past decades to contribute to the growth of this discipline, this will help future researchers solve why people have color preferences and to improve this study. They are also heeded to develop researches based on how these preferences will affect th e person’s behavior. D. Scope and Limitations This study focuses on the color preferences of an individual based on their age and gender. This will also concentrate on the possible cause and effect and relations between the two, the psychological implications and societal effects to the preferences. Because this research is not empirical, this study will no longer conduct interviews and surveys to the population. Moreover, this will not discuss any behavioral outcomes due to a person’s color preference. This study attempts to discuss the causes to take such preference. You read "â€Å"What’s Your Color?† a Study on Color Preferences" in category "Papers" E. Materials and Methods This research employs a Descriptive Method since the researchers aim to escribe and to discuss color preferences based on an individual’s gender, age, their possible relations with each other and the psychological explanations causing the phenomenon. This method is defined as â€Å"a process of gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating about prevailing conditions, trends, processes†¦ and then making adeq uate interpretation about such data†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Calderon Sanchez, 1995). With this, Descriptive Method is believed necessary for the study. Different reference materials containing data relevant to the research was gathered such as books and journal articles from scholarly periodicals and online sources. F. Definition of Terms For a common frame of reference, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined. Color Preference. This refers to the tendency of an individual to be inclined to one specific color. Color Psychology. This refers to the application of the study of psychology into sensation and perception of colors. Hue. This refers to the description of color we readily experience when we look at color. (Briggs, n. d. ) Perception. This refers to the brain’s interpretation of a received sensation. Psychology. This refers to the scientific study of the overt and covert processes of the mind. Saturation. This refers to the dominance of hue in a color. (Briggs, n. d. ) Sensation. This refers to the stimuli received by the main senses of the body. Value. This refers to the linear axis running through the middle of a color wheel. (Briggs, n. d. ) Chapter 2 DISCUSSION Colors A. Definition of Color Color studies began with the interaction of light and color because without light a person cannot observe a color, shape, or space. Understanding light and color was greatly aided by Isaac Newton’s discovery that white light contains all visible color. A person can see colors because wavelengths of light vary; high energy light appears violet, while low energy light appears red. (Cherry, 2011) B. Perception and Sensation C. Theory of Colors Psychology of Colors Color psychology is the study of color as a factor of human behavior and consists of varied studies on color preference. Color preference is a vital aspect of an individual’s visual experience that influences a wide spectrum of human behaviors: buying cars, choosing clothes, decorating homes, and designing websites, to name but a few. When an individual reacts to colors, a number of factors may influence that reaction. A person’s culture, gender, age, emotional and mental state, specific experiences, mood — as well as the appearance, combination and other properties of the colors themselves — can all affect the reaction. An individual’s experience of color is influenced by one’s personal and cultural associations. One would tend to approach or withdraw from objects based on how pleasing a color is or how others would imply meaning to it (Lescroart, 2010). Based on an interview conducted by Sohn (2010), Karen Schloss, a graduate student in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley agreed: I might like purple more than you because my sister’s bedroom was purple and I had positive experiences there. My own personal preference is determined by all the entities you’ve encountered of that color and how much you liked them. † Color preference is also influenced by societal affiliations. Sohn (2010), â€Å"†¦ But it shows that people a re generally interested in the subtle differences between people and what has driven that. Color provides a tool to understand why we like some things more than others. † (Sohn, 2010) While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors are perceived as warm or cool primarily because of long-held and universal implications. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange and yellow. Warm colors can bring forth emotions that range from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Alternatively, colors on the blue side of the spectrum are called cool colors and include blue, purple and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also bring about feelings of unhappiness or lack of interest (Cherry, 2011). Moreover, warm colors are linked with the heat of sun and fire and are generally considered as high arousal colors. On the other hand, cool colors are associated with the coolness of leaves, sea and the sky and are considered as low arousal colors (Pantone, n. d. ). Research History on Color Preferences A. Color Preferences By Gender Most researchers may have not exactly agreed to what color do individuals prefer according to their gender, but all of them said that there is significance only to a little extent. Work (2011) concluded that only blue is the favorite color for both males and females like. However, they differ in the color that genders dislike, having brown for men and orange for women. Ellis and Ficek’s (2001) conclusions almost agrees to that of Work’s, where men places Blue and Green as their top two with the women’s counterpart interchanges the two colors. Eysenck’s (1941) experiment also sees no difference between the two sexes, ranking Blue, Red and Green as the participants’ favorite colors. Early researchers also saw if color properties would have affected an individual to such preferences in colors. Eysenck pointed out that the color’s luminosity may have affected the decision, but no longer elaborated the reason, which is confusing for the researchers of this paper. Child, Hansen, and Hornbeck (1968) focused little on sex differences, but noted that males prefer cool colors while women prefers warm, appearing not later than 17 years of age. On the other hand, Work presented a more accurate explanation that may have a role in preferences. He said that men tended to be inclined toward shade colors, or those colors with black added, because it make them feel dominant and mysterious. It is the contrary for women, liking tint colors, now colors added with white, because it made them feel young and soothed. Moreover, Work said that light and dark colors are preference for both sexes, while soft colors were preferred by women, and bright by men. B. Color Preferences By Age If there is any relation between color preferences and the individual’s age, the answer would be a yes, an almost significant yes. Michaels (1924) experimented on 6 to 15 year-old boys and concluded that there is only a little importance on colors but presented a big factor on the reason of why the preference is present. While green occurred as a favorite color for six year-old boys, the remaining years turned their attentions to like blue. Michaels said: Several possibilities present themselves as means of explanation. Should we consider that at 6 years and under there is no appreciation of the aesthetic sense; or that the individual undergoes physiological changes, which mature at 7 years, bringing into development a physiological mechanism which causes to see objects in a different light? There might be some psychological basis for explanation where the individual the keener sense of perception to aid him in his judgments. Perhaps his social environment is changed at this period to allow a little freedom of action – a vital influence of an individual in general. Could it not be that the innate tendency was unable to find a field of action until properly stimulated? These are some suggestions along the lines of which one could work out a case on the evidence at hand†¦ whether the explanation is physiological or psychological (p. 82). Most researchers, however, focused on the properties of color as determinants if there are significant differences that can be found. On value, the darker category was found preferred by older individuals, opposing younger ones who likes lighter ones, as said by Lee, Gong, and Leung (2009). Meanwhile, Child, Hansen, and Hornbeck concluded that cooler colors are preferred by all ages, which is becoming prevalent as early as six, and that there is little to no significant transcendence of color preference, raising their point to the study of Burnham, Hanes, and Bartleson in 1963 as cited in their article. But they still stressed that changes may still occur because the individual may be socially-affected, which may then change his attention from the color’s saturation as a criterion to its hue. They also added that if there is change by age, the change in cognitive functions of a child to an adult is one big cause. This is affirmed by the study of Davis, Pitchford, and Seerif (2009), which in their experiment showed that adults are more in favor of desaturated and hue colors than that of saturated ones. C. Possible Factors affecting Color Preferences Except the properties of colors and cognitive functions that is earlier mentioned, this study saw no clear cause to explain everything as different researchers concluded either biologically, psychologically, or both. Ellis and Ficek presented a biological origin that it may be a neurohormonal factor that affects color preference, but not elaborated further because the evidence supporting the hypothesis is an experiment in rats and is currently in study. Another one is that color preference came about by retinal biochemistry and the way the brain processes color information, which is sensitive to some colors that is found different in sexes. Females are more sensitive to pink and, while males are more sensitive to green and blue. Lee, Gong, and Leung also noted that elders would prefer colors related to joyful events, while the younger ones would prefer those that will make them comfortable. They agree to Child, Hansen, and Hornbeck’s hypothesis that color preference may be emotionally-evoked which may be an influence of an individual’s experience with the color. Chapter 3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY This paper attempted to determine the colors preferred by male and female individuals, their changes in preference in their occurrence over time and the psychological and societal causes and bases of the preferences and changes that happen. The research design used in this study is the Descriptive Method wherein data from books and journal articles from scholarly periodicals and online resources were used to answer the research questions posed. The research findings are the following: 1. The color blue is generally preferred by all individuals. Based on the color properties, both genders differ in color preference with males liking cool, bright and shady colors while females favor warm, soft and tinted colors. 2. The changes in color preference by age are not specific. Cooler colors are commonly preferred throughout the life span but changes are caused by an individual’s changing criterion, from saturation to hue. 3. Psychologically, color preference exists from an individual’s emotion, cognitive function and perception stored in memory related to the color. Society also influences color but is yet to be proven. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, the researchers therefore conclude that an individual’s color preference does depend on age, gender, and the color’s properties. RECOMMENDATIONS After drawing the conclusions of the study, the researchers hereby make the following suggestions/recommendations for future researchers: 1. In conducting further research on color preferences, an Empirical Method should be used to gain more accurate and more meaningful results and data. 2. It should focus on the biological bases because only a few researchers have produced information about the biological aspects of color preferences. . It should also focus on the effects of color preferences to an individual’s behavior and inclinations to certain objects. REFERENCES Briggs, D. (n. d. ). The dimensions of color. Retrieved from http://www. huevaluechroma. com/ 012. php. Cherry, K. (n. d. ). Color psychology: How colors impact moods, feelings, and behaviors. Retrieved from http://psych ology. about. com/od/sensationandperception/colorpsych. htm. Child, I. , Hansen, J. , Hornbeck, F. (1968). Age and sex differences in children’s color preferences. Child Development, 39(1), 237-247. doi:10. 2307/1127374. Ciccarelli, S. , Write, J. N. 2009). Psychology (2nd ed. ). Jurong, SG: Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd. Davis, E. , Pitchford, N. , Seerif, G. (2009). Does colour preference have a role in colour term aquisition?. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 993-1012 doi:10. 1348/026151008Ãâ€"399916. Ellis, L. , Ficek, C. (2001). Color preferences according to gender and sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(8), 1375-1379. doi: 10. 1016/S0191- 8869(00)00231-2. Eysenck, H. (1941). A critical and experimental study of colour preference. The American Journal of Psychology, 54(3), 385-394. doi:10. 307/1417683. Lee, W. , Leung, C. , Gong, S. Is color preference determined by age difference?. Retrieved from http://www. i asdr2009. org/ap/Papers/Orally%20Presented%20Papers/Behavior/Is%20 Color%20Preference%20Affected%20by%20Age%20Difference. pdf. Lescroart, M. (2010). Favorite colors: Color preference determined by desirability of objects. Retrieved from http://www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=favorite-colors. Michaels, G. (1941). Color preference according to age. The American Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 79-87. doi:10. 2307/1127374. Munger, D. (2005). Color preference in kids and adults. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs. com/ cognitivedaily/2005/06/color_preference_in_kids_and_a. php. Pantone. (n. d. ) How does color affect us? Retrieved from http://www. pantone. com/pages/ pantone/Pantone. aspx? pg=19382ca=29 Pinel, J. (2008). Biopsychology (7th ed. ). Jurong, SG: Pearson Education South Asia Pte. Ltd. Sohn, E. (2010). Color preference determined by experience. Retrieved from http://news. discovery. com/human/colors-preferences-evolution-style. html. Work, S. (2011). True colors – breakdown of color preferences by gender. Retrieved from http://blog. kissmetrics. com/gender-and-color/. How to cite â€Å"What’s Your Color?† a Study on Color Preferences, Papers

Unemployment as a Social Problem

Introduction Unemployment is explained as the situation whereby people do not have gainful employment even after they have searched for job openings for a long time. To gauge the rate of unemployment the number of the people who are idle is calculated versus the number of people who have been hired.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Unemployment as a Social Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Seymour argues that in order to tackle this problem one needs to ask himself why there are so many people who don’t have jobs and yet most of them posses the highest level of education (42). Education is perceived by many as the underlying reason for success but this notion applies to intellectual success. There are so many people out there who are successful in life and yet they didn’t get to the sixth grade. There is no doubt education is important but its relevance may depreciate when there are s o many educated people who don’t have jobs because in the final end its what one achieves at the end of his schooling days. Most job seekers are of the opinion that life is unfair because the students who have passion in their careers are not always given the first priority but book warmers actually get the best jobs. Students need to be mentored on how to start their own businesses in order to deal with the current shortage of jobs. The increase in unemployment has been enhanced by the establishment of multiple training institutions that train thousands of students who are later deployed to an already saturated job market. This saturation is evidenced by the increase in the number of organizations that are hiring employees on contract basis and also part time basis. When most students graduate they have the passion to tarmac until they land a job. Literature Review Scholars have developed theories that try to explain the causes and solutions for unemployment. Their arguments explain that the increase in unemployment has been brought by the labor laws that put emphasis on the need to establish workers union that is meant to fight for their rights (Seymour 31). This merger of workers has caused potential employers to shy away. Others such as Opocher and Steedman refer to the decline in economy which brings down demand and supply of goods which causes organizations to lay off some workers (938). Industrialization has also contributed to unemployment because technology inventions have made work easier by the introduction of equipments that are used to perform tasks that were performed by several people thus the need to retrench excess workers.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance the introduction of tea picking machines in tea growing zones has left so many people jobless because these machines require less manpower to be operated and also are more productive. Recession has forced some organizations to close down because they are operating on losses because their sales margins have gone down (Osulivan Sheffrin 330). There are also those people who ignore certain jobs because they fill they don’t deserve them according to their level of education. This kind of unemployment is referred to as voluntary unemployment because the job seeker chooses to remain unemployed until he/she comes across a job that best suits him/her. This pride can make one remain in that status for a long time. Unemployment also makes people to engage in unethical behaviors such as stealing, bribery, and laziness (Graham 82). Discussion It is important to counsel young people prior to graduations because they should be flexible in order to survive during harsh economic times. They should be encouraged to take the first opportunities that come their way because nobody gets everything but at least everybody gets something. According to O sulivan and Sheffrin there are also workers who are sent packing by their organizations if they are found engaging in dubious deals. This is especially due to the current rise in blue collar crimes (330) .This has been enhanced by desires of many people who want to get rich within the shortest duration possible at the expense of their employers. Scholars argue that many people may have similar qualifications which cause that career to be flooded because the job openings are few compared to the number of people who are qualified. In some countries there are plenty of jobs but the population has very few people who are trained in those professions. In this scenario careers are said to be in conflict because most have qualifications in professions that are least required in the job market. Conclusion Unemployment leads to rise in crime because people look for alternative ways of earning their daily bread. There are many people who have died from stress after staying out of work for a l ong time. Graham explains that some jobseekers become drunkards with the aim of erasing their thoughts about missed opportunities. Unemployment has surely caused moral decay because people are engaging in very deadly activities such as prostitution which in return promotes the spread of HIV/AIDS. Governments are giving out monetary hand outs to organizations to cushion them from recession. This means there is stable amount of money going round a given state. Most governments have established agencies that train and equip the youth with entrepreneurial skills. Banks are also offering low interest loans to business people thus more people are being absorbed into the business world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Unemployment as a Social Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore important to look for the more acceptable ways of dealing with unemployment in future; this will involve establis hing better ways of engaging the society in policy formulation. Works Cited Opocher, Arigo and Ian Steedman. †Input Price-input Quantity Relations and the Numeraire.† Cambridge Journal of Economics. 3(2009):937-948. Print. Osulivan, Arthur and Steven Sheffrin. Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Pearson Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. Seymour, Harris.The New Economics: Keynes’ Influence on Theory and Public Policy. Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2005. Print. Graham, White. â€Å"The Poverty of conventional Economic and social policies.† The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs.3.2 (2001):67-87. Print. This research paper on Unemployment as a Social Problem was written and submitted by user Abrielle Anthony to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Example

The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay Example The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Paper The Stages of Sigmunds Freud Theory of Psychosexual Development Paper THE STAGES OF SIGMUND FREUDS THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Viennese physician, trained in neurology that can be considered as the most influential of the psychodynamic theorists. He created an entirely new perspective on the study of human behavior, focusing on the unconscious instinct and urges rather than the conscious (Morris ; Maisto, 1998). Freud stressed that human nature was based more on desire than reason and ones past experiences as being the major determinants of future behavior and personality development. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Turner Helms 1995 outlines that Freud devised a theory of personality that can be applied to the behavior of both child and adult. Freud theorised that there are three parts of personality, the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. They become integrated through a sequence of stages. The ID is the source of basic biologic needs and desires. As outlined by Atkinson et al 2000, the id is an unconscious drive and operates according to the pleasure of hedonistic principle which means obtaining immediate pleasure and avoiding pain at all cost. The ids force operates at the unconscious level and drives the individual to desire instant gratification. The EGO is the conscious rational part of personality that emerges in early infancy to direct the id’s impulses at acceptable times and places to appropriate objects. Freud postulates that the ego exists solely to fulfill the aims of the id but that ego maturity develops as a means of restraining the ids demands. The ego operates by the, using intelligent reasoning, it delays satisfying the id’s desires until it can do so safely. Morris ; Maisto 1998) The SUPEREGO is the center of morality and conscience which develops from interaction with parents and the demands of society, and through the ego facing the task of reconciling the demands of the id, the external environment and with the internal superego. The superego acts as an internal restraint and moral guide to the id and ego. Atkinson et al 2000 describes the superego ‘as the internalised representative of the values and morals of society and comprises the individuals conscious as well as the image of the morally ideal person or the EGO IDEAL’. Berk 2009 ocuments that according to Freud the relationship established between the id, ego and superego during early development determines the individual’s basic personality. Conflict between the id, ego and superego causes anxiety and tension. The ego alleviates these stressors by either consciously or unconsciously creating protective devices called defenses mechanisms. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Morris ; Maisto 1998 outlined that while treating his adult patients Freud observed that a number of them had physical disabilities and nervous symptoms with no evidence of actual physical impairment. He noted that through hypnotic therapy when these adults talked freely about painful childhood events it freed them of such problems as paralysis and hallucinations. Using these memories he examined the unconscious motivation of his adult patients and constructed his PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT (Berk 2000). Freud, in his psychosexual theory states that infants and children experience sexual feelings, although not as an adult would for intercourse but rather for pleasure, affection and gratification. Sexual instinct or EROS exerts a force or energy known as LIBIDO which is described as an unconscious, instinctive sex drive (Bee 2000). The libidinal energy and sexual impulses shift their focus from the oral to anal then genital regions of the body as the child matures; and represents a new stage in psychosexual development in terms of personality. The main focus of Freud’s theory emphasises that the methods parents use to manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in infancy are crucial for healthy personality development. It highlighted the importance of familial relationships for child development and stressed the formative role of early experience. Bee 2000 outlines that these stages are completed in a predetermined sequence resulting in success and a healthy personality or failure leading to a ‘fixation’ which is the preoccupation with a particular stage that causes distortion or disruption of development resulting in an unhealthy personality. The three stage of development are: * The Oral Stage * The Anal Stage * The Phallic Stage * The Latency Stage * The Genital Stage The Oral Stage This stage occurs from birth to eighteen months and the erogenous zone is the mouth, with the child gaining pleasure from sucking and biting, both of which are oral activities. The id is now directing all its attention to getting pleasure. The developmental task of this stage is weaning and developing a sense of independence (Bee 2000). Over gratification or under stimulation during this stage may lead to a fixation. If fixated the child could develop an oral personality, manifested by a preoccupation with oral activities such as smoking, overeating, nail biting or gum chewing. Characteristically they become overly dependent upon others, gullible and are perpetual followers; conversely they may develop pessimism and aggression (Feldman 2005). The Anal Stage This stage stretches from eighteen months to three years and the libido is now attached to the anal cavity and buttocks coinciding with the period of toilet training. The child and id gain satisfaction and pleasure from either expelling or withholding feces. The ego must step in to teach the child the appropriate ways to control these urges. They develop a fascination with their excretions, looking at it or even playing with it. If the adult expresses ideas that this is â€Å"messy† or â€Å"bad†, the child will in turn think that he/she is bad. Turner ; Helms 1995 states that the manner in which parents conduct toilet training especially the use of punishment and rewards can cause certain personality traits later. If the parent is too lenient and delays toilet training or allows the child to excrete maliciously this may lead to formation of an anal expulsive character. This individual is generally messy, reckless, careless, defiant and disorganized (Berk 2009). Berk 2009 states that conversely, if toilet training is forced or the parent is too strict and punishes the child consistently for minor accidents, an anal retentive character develops. This personality type is neat, precise, orderly, careful, stingy, obstinate and meticulous, but also be passively-aggressive. The Phallic Stage This stage is the most crucial sexual conflict in Freud’s model of development, occurring between three and five years. The libido is now connected to the sexual organs and both sexes gain pleasure from manipulating and fondling their genitals (Turner ; Helms 1995). Children develop curiosity towards the opposite sex. This stage coincides with social development involving imitation, gender-role development and identification; usually during preschool interaction. The child experiences sexual feelings toward the opposite-sex parent and wish to be rid of the same-sex parent so that they may have the opposite-sex parent to his/herself. This is identified as the OEDIPUS CONFLICT in boys and the ELECTRA CONFLICT in girls. Children resolve this conflict by learning to identify with the same-sex parent. Boys fear â€Å"castration† by their fathers for these sexual feeling towards their mothers. In this way they develop ‘castration anxiety’ and will repress these feelings to avoid punishment and reduce anxiety. The boys try to emulate their father in a process known as identification (Bee 2000). Atkinson et al 2000 defines identification as â€Å"internalizing an idealized perception of his father’s attitudes and values†. The boys become less anxious and develop their father’s characteristics and values. If resolution of this conflict is not positive boys will resent their fathers and generalize this resentment to authority figures in adulthood. Girls develop â€Å"penis envy† and feel cheated (Turner ; Helms 1995); blame is placed on the mother as she too has no penis and sexual attachment to the father. The mother is now seen as competition for their father’s affection. For resolution of this stage their attraction must be discontinued, girls seek to repress these feeling and identify with their mothers. A strong bond may still remain between the girl and her father and the girl tends to seek a husband with characteristics and values like her father. If these feelings are unresolved, it may lead to the girl becoming either a weak submissive woman with an unsecure personality or a strong, unusually seductive female. The identification process is critical. It means that the superego has fully developed. The relationship between the id, ego and superego at this time determines the child’s basic personality orientation. For both sexes fixation at this stage can result in a phallic character, one who is reckless, self-assured, resolute and narcissistic, being excessively vain and proud. This character is afraid or incapable of close love and affection. Fixation can result in sexual deviances, both overindulgence and avoidance, with a weak or confused sexual identity. Freud also postulates that fixation at this stage could be a major cause of homosexuality. The Latency Stage This stage is represented as a period of rest where sexuality lies dormant from ages six to the onset of puberty at eleven. Kaplan 1998 states the boys having repressed their sexual feelings for their mother now generalise this feeling to all females. Although, similarly girls identify with their mother, this is less severe and girls show less aversion to boys than boys do to girls. In this stage there is an increased awareness of personal identity and social interaction, especially peer group interaction. Attention is now focused on gaining skills needed for coping with the environment. The child seeks to develop character traits that are considered acceptable by society. The developmental task is ego and defense mechanism development. The Genital Stage This stage occurs from twelve to eighteen and coincides with the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. Sexual pleasures are again associated with the genital zone. The young adolescent boy or girl turns their attention to a ‘boyfriend or girlfriend’. This is significant because it heralds the onset of mature adult sexuality, which is the developmental task for this stage. Bee 2000 states that Freud emphasizes that not everyone works through this period to the point of mature heterosexual feelings. He believed that any unresolved issues from the Oedipus and Electra conflict will resurface in this stage hindering complete sexual maturity. Both sexes will have issues coping with adult relationships resulting in interdependence on the related parent. Conclusion Stevenson 1996 states that as the child progresses normally through these stages resolving conflicts and moving on, the libido moves with the child. If fixation occurred at any stage the method of obtaining satisfaction or gratification which characterized that stage will dominate and affect the adult personality. Although Freud’s theory has served as a basis for the development of other theorist Kaplan 1998 states that is has also been the focal point for criticism. Little Hans was Freud’s only documented child patient and he was seen only once with the remainder of his analysis conducted via correspondence with the boy’s father. Freud’s theory was criticised because it overemphasised the influence of sexual feelings in development and was based on the recollection of problems of sexually repressed adults. Freud theory was difficult to relate to other instances as most of his theory was subjective not objective and scientific. However, the main reason Freud’s ideas were questioned was because he created a theory of childhood based on adult subjects and did not consider cultural influences.

Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal

Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal Common, Mutual, and Reciprocal By Maeve Maddox A reader objects to the expression â€Å"a mutual friend†: I don’t care if Dickens did write a novel called Our Mutual Friend. Using â€Å"mutual† to describe a friend you didn’t know was also a friend of someone else is a misuse of the word. Mutual and reciprocal both mean, â€Å"directed toward each other.† For example, a â€Å"mutual admiration society† is a group of people who admire one another. â€Å"Mutual enemies† are people who hate one another. By the same token, â€Å"mutual friends† are people who reciprocate friendly feelings toward one another. Many speakers- perhaps most- use the phrase â€Å"mutual friend† in the following context: Sam is Joe’s friend. Sam is also Gloria’s friend. Joe and Gloria are friends, but they don’t know that Sam is a friend to both. One day, in speaking with Sam, Gloria learns that he just got back from a fishing trip with Joe. The next time that Gloria speaks to Joe, she exclaims, â€Å"Guess what! We have a mutual friend.† Purists would label this use as incorrect, arguing that the friendship between Joe and Gloria is mutual, but that Sam is â€Å"a friend in common.† One definition of common is â€Å"belonging equally to more than one.† We speak of â€Å"common sense,† â€Å"common beliefs,† â€Å"common interests,† and â€Å"common complaints.† Another meaning of common, perhaps more prevalent in British usage than American, is vulgar. Dickens could have named his book Our Common Friend, but he probably didn’t want the title to be interpreted to mean Our Vulgar Friend. The use of mutual might not have been strictly correct in the context, but its use eliminates misunderstanding. The Chicago Manual of Style includes a caveat against the use of mutual to describe a â€Å"third-party† friend: What is common is shared by two or more people: â€Å"borne by different mothers but having a common father.† What is mutual is reciprocal or directly exchanged by and toward each other: â€Å"mutual obligations.† Strictly, friend in common is better than mutual friend in reference to a third person who is a friend of two others. The OED has this to say about the use of â€Å"mutual friend† to mean â€Å"friend in common†: This use has in the past been censured as incorrect but it is nevertheless frequent. It has probably been used in preference to common on account of the ambiguity of the latter (which in many contexts could also mean ‘ordinary’, ‘mean’, or ‘vulgar’). In my view, objecting to the use of â€Å"mutual friend† in the sense of â€Å"a friend in common† is officious nitpicking. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowAwoken or Awakened?Mankind vs. Humankind

Phineas Taylor Barnum's American Museum 1842 to 1868 Research Paper

Phineas Taylor Barnum's American Museum 1842 to 1868 - Research Paper Example While in New York, Barnum purchased a museum and renamed it after himself. With the museum, Barnum found a platform which he used to promote hoaxes and human curiosities. Barnum began his entertainment career in New York. Barnum gets credited for revolutionizing and legitimizing spectacle. Barnum purchased and exhibited the Joice Heth. Joice Heth was an almost paralyzed and blind slave woman (Barnum and Cook 108). Barnum claimed the woman to have been over 160 years old and a supposed nurse to George Washington. Thousands got drawn to view Heith by paying an admission price. He toured the south with a small circus between 1836 and 1837. This circus tour appeared to be preparation for him to purchase his own museum with which he made a fortune. In 1841, he bought the Scudder American museum which he renamed to Barnum American museum. Barnum upgraded the museum building and added more exhibits making the museum a popular showplace in the process. Barnum added flags to the roof edge of the museum, and this helped attract attention during the day. A strolling garden got made out of the roof during the upgrade. The place then got lit up with limelight, which had just become invented then. His main idea revolved around making the museum an advertisement in itself. In the museum, Barnum filled it with a surfeit of exhibits and activities. Exhibits and activities within the museum revolved around panoramas, dioramas, scientific instruments and modern appliances. Through the museum, Barnum got to introduce his first major hoax which became known as the Feejee mermaid (Barnum 56). The Feeje mermaid was a creature that had the tail of a fish and a monkey’s head. Barnum justified hoaxes such as this claiming they were advertisements used to draw attention to the museum. The museum also exhibited a dwarf named general Tom Thumb. The dwarf got claimed to be the smallest person walking the earth, and he got used to amuse the public. The museum also exhibited a number o f exotic animals that included beluga whales, a hat claimed to be worn by Ulysses Grant, a tree trunk where Jesus and his disciples sat, giants, fat boys, a dog that could knit, flea circus and performances by magicians and fortune tellers, Uncle Tom’s cabin and minstrel adaptations of biblical tales. The museum gets reported to have received over 38milion visitors between 1841 and 1865. Visitors got charged a twenty five cent admission charge. The visitors got to view a revolving set of attractions at the museum (Cottrell 19). Barnum’s credit to show business gets associated with professionalism, public relations through advertisements and quality. Characters that provided dubious shows got thrown out of Barnum American museum. Barnum defended his hoax shows by claiming that the public had to first get attracted to the museum, and then later get provided with sensational entertainment while in the museum building. Barnum used newspaper advertisements and handbills to promote the museum (Barnum and Cook 88). The museum not only provided shows but also educational teachings. The museum’s theater which got known as the ‘lecture room’ got used by Barnum in providing temperance reforms and Shakespearean dramas. Barnum gets recognized by early historians as instrumental in the development of urban culture in the nineteenth century. The museum became the first of its kind in offering entertainment and amusement together with moral uplift and